What Causes a First-Degree Burn

 Written by Brindles Lee Macon | Published on 25 July 2012

Overview

A first-degree burn (also called a superficial burn or wound) is an injury that affects the first layer of your skin. First-degree burns are one of the mildest forms of skin injuries, and they usually do not require medical treatment. However, some superficial burns can be quite large or painful and may require a trip to a doctor.

What Causes a First-Degree Burn and What Can I Do to Prevent It?

Most first-degree burns can be prevented if you take the right precautions. Below are some common causes of superficial burns:

Sunburn

Sunburn develops when you stay out in the sun too long and do not apply sufficient sunscreen. The sun produces intense ultraviolet (UV) rays that can penetrate the outer layer of your skin and cause it to redden, blister, and peel.
You can help prevent this from happening by wearing broad-spectrum sunscreen or sunblock with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30 or higher.

Scalds

Scalds are a common cause of first-degree burns to children, typically those under age 4. Hot liquid spilled from a pot on the stove or the steam emitted from hot liquid may cause burns to the hands, face, and body. Keep hot cooking pots on the back burners with the handles turned toward the center of the stovetop to prevent accidents. Also, be sure to watch young children in the kitchen.
Scalds can also occur if you bathe or shower in extremely hot water. According to the New York State Consumer Protection Board, a safe water temperature should be at or below 120 degrees F. Temperatures higher than this can lead to more serious skin injuries, especially in young children. Most makers of water heaters sell their products with a maximum 140 degrees F setting; you can manually reset your hot water tank to have a maximum of 120 degrees F to avoid burns.

Electricity

Electrical sockets, electrical cords, and appliances can appear intriguing to an unsuspecting child, but they pose considerable dangers. If you child sticks a finger (or any object) into the openings of a socket, bites on an electrical cord, or plays with an appliance, he or she can get burned and/or electrocuted from exposure to electricity. You can prevent accidents by covering all exposed electrical sockets in your home with childproof covers, unplugging appliances not in use, and placing cords where your child cannot reach them.

Part 3 of 5: Symptoms

What Are the Symptoms of a First-Degree Burn and How Long Do They Last?

The symptoms of first-degree burns are often minor and tend to go away after a few days. The most common things you may notice at first are skin redness, pain, and swelling. The pain and swelling may be mild and, after a day or so, your skin may start to peel.
For a first-degree burn that occurs in larger areas of your skin, you may experience an increased level of pain and swelling. You may want to report large wounds to your doctor. Larger burns may not heal as fast as smaller burns.

An Important Note About Electrical Burns

This type of first-degree burn may affect more of the skin beneath the top layer than you can see. It is a good idea to seek medical treatment as a precaution immediately after the accident occurs.

Part 4 of 5: Treatment

Should I Seek Treatment for a First-Degree Burn?

You can treat most first-degree burns at home. However, if your child receives a burn and you are concerned, you might want to speak with a doctor. The doctor will most likely examine the burn to see if it has become severe.
He or she will look at the burn to see:

• how deep it penetrates the skin’s layers
• if it is large or in an area that requires immediate treatment (eye, nose, mouth)
• if it shows signs of infection (oozes pus or is extremely swollen)

You should definitely see a doctor if your burn becomes infected, swollen, or extremely painful. Burns on the face, groin, hands, or feet may require a visit to the doctor. These burns may heal slower than burns on other areas of the body.

Home Care Treatment

If you choose to treat your wound at home, place a cool compress over it to relieve the pain and swelling. You may do this for five to 15 minutes and then remove the compress. Avoid using ice or extremely cold compresses because they can aggravate the burn.
Avoid applying any type of oil, including butter, to a burn. These oils prevent healing in the site. On the other hand, products containing aloe vera may help relieve the pain.

Part 5 of 5: Long-Term Outlook

How Long Does It Take to Heal?

Your skin may peel in the area as it heals. Additionally, it may take three to 20 days for a first-degree burn to heal properly. Healing time may depend on the area affected. Always consult your doctor if the burn shows signs of infection or becomes worse

Read More

Burn : Complication

 Written by April Khan and Matthew Solan | Published on August 13, 2014
Medically Reviewed by George Krucik, MD, MBA on August 13, 2014

Complications

Third-degree burns carry the most risk for complications, such as infections, blood loss, and shock. Still, this doesn’t mean that minor first and second-degree burns can’t cause complications. All burns carry the risk of infections because bacteria can enter broken skin. Sepsis, or a bloodstream infection, can occur in the most severe cases. This can lead to shock or even death.
Tetanus is another possible complication with burns of all levels. Like sepsis, tetanus is a bacterial infection. It affects the nervous system, eventually leading to problems with muscle contractions. As a rule of thumb, every member of your household should receive updated tetanus shots every five years to prevent this type of infection.
Severe burns also carry the risk of hypothermia and hypovolemia. Hypothermia is characterized by dangerously low body temperatures. While this may seem like an unexpected complication of a burn, the condition is actually prompted by excessive loss of body heat from an injury. Hypovolemia, or low blood volume, occurs when your body loses too much blood from a burn.
Scars are a complication of all burns. Severe burns may cause keloids, which are discolored areas of scar tissue on the skin. While keloids aren’t harmful in themselves, they can be bothersome. The appearance of scar tissue can worsen with sun exposure, so be sure to wear adequate sunscreen on any exposed areas.

Preventing All Levels of Burns

The best way to fight burns is to prevent them from happening altogether. Certain jobs put you at a greater risk for burns, but the fact is that most of them happen at home. Infants and young children are the most vulnerable to burns. Here are some tips for the preventive measures you can take:

• Keep children out of the kitchen while cooking.
• Turn pot handles towards the back of the stove.
• Place a fire extinguisher near the kitchen.
• Test smoke detectors once a month.
• Replace smoke detectors every 10 years.
• Keep water heater temperature under 120 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Measure bath water temperature before use.
• Lock up matches and lighters.
• Install electrical outlet covers.
• Check and discard electrical cords with exposed wires.
• Keep chemicals out of reach, and wear gloves during chemical use.
• Wear sunscreen every day, and avoid peak sunlight.
• Ensure all smoking products are stubbed out completely.
• Clean out dryer lint traps regularly.

It’s also important to have a fire escape plan and to practice it with your family once a month. In the event of a fire, make sure to crawl underneath smoke. This will minimize the risk of passing out and becoming trapped in a fire.

Part 8 of 8: Outlook

Outlook for Burns

When properly and quickly treated, the outlook for first and second-degree burns is good. These burns are also less prone to scarring. The key is to minimize further damage and infection. Extensive damage from severe second-degree and third-degree burns can lead to problems in deep skin tissues, bones, and organs. Patients may require:

• surgery
• physical therapy
• rehabilitation
• lifelong assisted care

While it’s important to gain adequate physical treatment from burns, don’t forget to find help for your emotional needs. There are support groups available for burn victims, as well as certified counselors

Read More

Burns: Types

Written by April Khan and Matthew Solan | Published on August 13, 2014
Medically Reviewed by George Krucik, MD, MBA on August 13, 2014

Overview

Burns are among the most common household injuries, especially in children. The term “burn” means more than the burning sensation associated with this injury. Burns are characterized by severe skin damage in which many of the affected cells die. Depending on the cause and degree of injury, most people can recover from burns without serious health consequences. More serious burns require immediate emergency medical care to prevent complications and death.

Burn Levels

There are three primary types of burns: first-, second-, and third-degree. Each degree is based on the severity of damage to the skin, with first degree being the most minor and third degree being the most severe. Damage includes:

• first-degree burns: red, non-blistered skin
• second-degree burns: blisters and some thickening of the skin
• third-degree burns: widespread thickness with a white, leathery appearance

There is also technically a fourth-degree burn. In this type, the damage of third-degree burns extends beyond the skin into tendons and bones.
Burns have a variety of causes, including:

• scalding from hot, boiling liquids
• chemical burns
• electrical burns
• fires, including flames from matches, candles, and lighters
• excessive sun exposure

The type of burn is not based on the cause of it. Scalding, for example, can cause all three burns, depending on how hot the liquid is and how long the skin makes contact. Chemical and electrical burns warrant immediate medical attention because they can affect the inside of the body — even if skin damage is minor.

First-Degree Burn

First-degree burns cause minimal skin damage. They are also called “superficial burns” because they affect the outermost layer of skin. Signs of a first-degree burn include:

• redness
• minor inflammation (swelling)
• pain
• dry, peeling skin (occurs as the burn heals)

Since this burn affects the top layer of skin, the signs and symptoms disappear once the skin cells shed. First-degree burns usually heal within three to six days. Still, you should see your doctor if the burn affects a large area of skin (more than three inches), and if it’s on your face or a major joint.
First-degree burns are mostly treated with home care. Healing time may be quicker if you treat the burn sooner. To treat this type, you can:

• soak the wound in cool water for five minutes or longer
• take acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain relief
• apply aloe vera gel or cream to soothe the skin
• use an antibiotic ointment and loose gauze to protect the affected area

Make sure you don’t use ice, as this may make the damage worse. Never apply cotton balls to a burn because the small fibers can stick to the injury and increase the risk of infection. Also, avoid home remedies like butter and eggs as these are not proven to be effective.

Second-Degree Burn

Second-degree burns are more serious because the damage extends beyond the top layer of skin. This type of extensive damage causes the skin to blister and become extremely red and sore. Some blisters pop open, giving the burn a wet appearance.
Due to the delicate nature of such wounds, frequent bandaging is required to prevent infection. This also helps the burn heal quicker. Some second-degree burns take longer than three weeks to heal, but most heal within two to three weeks. The worse the blisters are, the longer the burn will take to heal. In some severe cases, skin grafting is required to fix the subsequent damage. Skin grafting borrows healthy skin from another area of the body and replaces it at the site of the burned skin.
As with first-degree burns, avoid cotton ball wraps and questionable home remedies. You can generally treat a mild second-degree burn by:

• running the skin under cool water for 15 minutes or longer
• taking over-the-counter pain medication (acetaminophen or ibuprofen)
• applying antibiotic cream to blisters

However, seek emergency medical treatment if burns affect a widespread area of the:

• face
• hands
• buttocks
• groin
• feet

Third-Degree Burn

Third-degree burns are the worst burns. They cause the most damage, extending through every layer of skin. The damage can even reach the bloodstream, major organs, and bones, which can lead to death.
There is a misconception that third-degree means most painful. With this type of burn, the damage is so extensive that you may not feel pain because your nerves are damaged. Depending on the cause, third-degree burns cause the skin to look:

• waxy and white
• charred
• dark brown
• raised and leathery

Never attempt to self-treat a third-degree burn. Call 911 immediately. While you’re waiting for medical treatment, raise the injury above your heart. Don’t get undressed, but make sure no clothing is stuck to the burn. There is no set healing timeline for third-degree burns.

Read More

Treating Fever in Children

A high temperature can be alarming, but in an otherwise healthy child it usually isn't something serious. A fever often means that a body is working the way it should and fighting off infection.

Call Doctor If:

• You think the child needs medical attention.
• The child is younger than 3 months old with a rectal temperature of 100.4 F or higher.
• The child is 3 to 6 months old with a temperature of 101 F or higher or has had any fever for more than one day.
• The child is older than 6 months and younger than a year with a temperature of 103 F or higher or has had any fever more than one day.
• The child is 1 to 2 years old with a high fever lasting more than 24 hours.
• The child is any age with a temperature of 104 F or higher.
• The soft spot on the child’s skull is bulging.
• The child vomits repeatedly or has severe diarrhea.
• The child has signs of dehydration, such as not wetting diapers, crying without tears, dry mouth or mucous membranes, or sunken soft spot.
• The fever triggers a seizure.
• The child has a fever and a rash. 
• Your child is at special risk for serious infections. This includes children with blood or immune disorders, or any child who has not received the routine immunizations.

For Infants Younger Than 4 Months Old

1. Take Temperature

• The most accurate way to take a temperature is rectally. If you are uncomfortable with this, then take temperature under the armpit. If it is higher than 99 F, then double check it rectally using a rectal thermometer to get the most accurate reading.

2. Call Your Pediatrician

• If the child's temperature is higher than 100.4 F, call your pediatrician.
• Bathing or sponging the child with lukewarm water may help bring down a fever. Do not use cold water, ice baths, or alcohol.
• Do not give any medicine unless discussed first with the doctor

  For Children 4 Months Old or Older Who Have Been Immunized

  1. Take Temperature

• Rectal. For a child under 4 or 5 months, use a rectal thermometer to get an accurate reading.  A child has a fever if the rectal temperature is above 100.4 F.
• Oral. For a child over 4 or 5 months, you can use an oral or pacifier thermometer. The child has a fever if it registers above 100.4 F.
• Ear. If the child is 6 months old or older, you can use an ear or temporal artery thermometer, but this may not be as accurate. Still, under most circumstances, it's a reasonable way to get a good enough estimate. If it's essential that you get an accurate reading, take a rectal temperature.
• Armpit. If you take the child’s temperature in the armpit, a reading above 100.4 F usually indicates a fever.

    2.  If Temperature Is Below 102 Degrees F

• You don't need to treat the fever unless the child is uncomfortable.
• Make sure the child gets plenty of fluids and rest.

     3. If Temperature Is Above 102 Degrees F but Below 105 Degrees

• You can give child-formula acetaminophen (Tylenol). Ask your pediatrician before giving any fever-reducing medicine to a child for the first time.
• Bathing or sponging the child with lukewarm water may help bring down the temperature. Do not use cold water, ice baths, or alcohol.
• Do not give aspirin to a child under 18 years of age because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, a dangerous brain disease.
• Call your pediatrician to see if you need to bring your child in to see the doctor.

     4. Follow Up

• A child should not return to school or day care until the child is fever free fo at least 24 hours.
• Call your pediatrician if the fever lasts for more than two days, gets higher, or you are concerned.

WebMD Medical Reference

Read More

MERAWAT KLIEN HALUSINASI

PENGERTIAN

Halusinasi adalah hilangnya kemampuan manusia dalam membedakan rangsangan internal (pikiran) dan rangsangan eksternal (dunia luar). Klien memberi persepsi atau pendapat tentang lingkungan tanpa ada obyek atau rangsangan yang nyata. Misalnya klien mengatakan mendengar suara padahal tidak ada orang yang berbicara.

PROSES TERJADINYA HALUSINASI 

Halusinasi berkembang melalui empat fase yaitu :

1.     Fase Pertama

Klien mengalami stress, cemas, perasaan perpisahan, kesepian yang meuncak dan tidak dapat diselesaikan. Klien mulai melamun dan memikirkan hal-hal yang menyenangkan, cara ini hanya menolong sementara.

2.     Fase Kedua

Kecemasan meningkat, melamun dan berfikir sendiri jadi dominan. Mulai dirasakan ada bisikan yang tidak jelas. Klien tidak ingin orang lain tahu, dan ia tetap dapat mengontrolnya.

3.     Fase Ketiga

Bisikan, suara, isi halusinasi semakin menonjol, menguasai dan mengontrol klien. Klien menjadi terbiasa dan tidak berdaya terhadap halusinasinya.

4.     Fase Keempat.

Halusinasinya berubah menjadi mengancam, memerintah dan memarahi klien. Klien menjadi takut, tidak berdaya, hilang kontrol dan tidak dapat berhubungan secara nyata dengan orang lain dilingkungan.

TANDA-TANDA HALUSINASI:

Menarik diri, tersenyum sendiri, duduk terpaku, bicara sendiri, memandang satu arah, menyerang, tiba-tiba marah, gelisah.

JENIS HALUSINASI

1.     Halusinasi dengar.

Mendengar suara membicarakan, mengejek, mentertawakan, mengancam tetapi tidak ada sumber disekitar.

2.     Halusinasi lihat.

Melihat pemandangan, orang, binatang atau sesuatu yang tidak ada tetapiu klien yakin ada.

3.     Halusinasi penciuman.

Mengatakan mencium bau bunga, kemenyan dan lain-lain yang tidak dirasakan oleh orang lain dan tidak ada sumber.

4.     Halusinasi Kecap.

Merasa mengecap sesuatu rasa dimulut, tetapi tidak ada.

5.     Halusinasi Raba.

Merasa ada binatang merayap pada kulit tetapi tidak ada

PERAN SERTA KELUARGA DALAM MERAWAT HALUSINASI:

1.     Bantu Mengenal Halusinasi.

-         Bina saling percaya.

-         Diskusikan kapan muncul situasi yang menyebabkan (jika sendiri), isi dan frekwensi.

2.     Meningkatkan Kontak Dengan Realita.

-         Bicara tentang topik yang nyata tidak mengikuti halusinasi.

-         Bicara dengan klien secara sering dan singkat.

-         Buat jadwal kegiatan sehari-hari untuk menghindari kesendirian.

-         Ajak bicara jika tampak klien sedang berhalusinasi.

-         Diskusikan hasil observasi anda.

 

3.     Bantu Menurunkan Kecemasan dan Ketakutan.

-         Temani, cegah isolasi dan menarik diri.

-         Terima halusinasi klien tanpa mendukung dan menyalahkan. Misalnya: “Saya percaya anda mendengar tetapi saya sendiri tidak dengar”.

-         Beri kesempatan untuk mengungkapkan.

-         Tetap hangat, empati, kalem dan lemah lembut.

4.     Mencegah Klien Melukai Diri Sendiri dan Orang Lain.

-         Lakukan perlindungan.

-         Kontak yang sering secara personal.

5.     Tingkatkan Harga diri.

-         Identifikasi kemampuan klien dan beri kegiatan yang sesuai.

-         Beri kesempatan sukses dan beri pujian atas kesuksesan klien.

Dorong berespon pada situasi nyata.

Read More

Gizi pada Anak

 Gizi Pada Anak merupakan zat – zat gizi / satuan yang menyusun bahan dasar makanan yang di butuhkan oleh Anak.

Macam – macam Zat Gizi

a.       Karbohidrat : Umbi – umbian

b.      Lemak : Kacang – kacangan, Minyak kelapa, Lemak

c.       Protein : Ikan, Daging, Telur, Susu, Biji – bijian, Kacang – kacangan

d.      Air

e.       Mineral : Sayuran, Buah – buahan, Garam

f.       Vitamin : Sayuran, Buah – buahan yang berwarna, Hati

Anjuran Pemberian Makan Pada Anak

a.       6 – 12 bulan :

·   Beri ASI setiap kali bayi menginginkan

·   Tambahkan telur/ ayam/ ikan/ tempe/ tahu/ daging sapi/ wortel/ bayam, kacang hijau/ santan/ minyak pada bubur nasi.

·   Beri bubur nasi 3x1 hari setiap kali makan di berikan sesuai umur

1.      6 bulan : 6 sendok makan

2.      7 bulan : 7 sendok makan

3.      8 bulan : 8 sendok makan

4.      9 bulan : 9 sendok makan

5.      10 bulan : 10 sendok makan

6.      11 bulan : 11 sendok makan

·   Beri makan selingan 2x1 hari di antara waktu makan, seperti bubur kacang hijau, pisang, biscuit, nagasari,dsb.

·   Beri buah – buahan/ sari buah

·   Ajari anak makan sendiri menggunakan piring sendok

b.      1 – 2 tahun :

·   Beri ASI setiap kali bayi menginginkan

·   Beri nasi lembik 3x1 hari

·   Tambahkan telur/ ayam/ ikan/ tempe/ daging sapi/ wortel/ bayam, kacang hijau/ santan/ minyak pada bubur nasi.

·   Beri makan selingan 2x1 hari di antara waktu makan, seperti bubur kacang hijau, pisang, biscuit, nagasari,dsb.

·   Beri buah – buahan/ sari buah

·   Bantu anak makan sendiri

Cara Membuat Makanan Bayi / Anak

a.       Bubur Susu

Bahan : 

- 2 sendok makan tepung beras (20 gr)

- 2 sendok teh gula pasir (10 gr)

- 2 sendok makan susu tepung

Cara :               

- Tepung beras dan gula pasir di larutkan dalam susu, letakan di atas api kecil, biarkan masak sambil di aduk.

b.      Nasi Tim Bayi

Bahan :          

- 2 sendok makan peres beras

- 1 potong tahu/ tempe/ kacang – kacangan/ ikan/ 1 btr telur ayam

- 10 lembar daun bayam/ sayuran hijau lainnya

- 2-3 gelas air, 1 sendok makan kinyak kelapa/ 2 sendok santan

- Garam secukupnya

Cara   :          

- Masukan air yang telah di campur minyak kelapa/ air yang telah di campur santan - ke dalam panic berisi beras, tahu, tempe, lauk lain, tambahkan garam.

- Masukan bahan – bahan sambil di aduk sampai matang

- Masukan daun bayam/ daun kangkung/ sayuran hijau lain yang sudah di iris halus

- Setelah sayuran matang, angkat makanan dari api

- Dinginkan

- Makanan siap di berikan pada bayi

c.       Bolu Kecil

Bahan :

- ½ gelas tepung terigu (25 gr)

- 1 gelas susu segar

- 8 sendok teh gula pasir (40 gr)

- 1 butir telur

- Sedikit mentega dan sedikit minyak goreng

Cara   :

- Telur di pecah kemudian campurkan semua bahan

- Adonan dibagi 8 dan di goring dengan sedikit minyak

- Di makan dengan sedikit mentega / sirup

Read More